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1.
In a school district with an enrollment of 10,000 children,about how many
students would we expect to be hospitalized with traumatic brain injury (TBI)
in one year?
a. 2 to 5
b. 20
c. 100 or more
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Answer
#1: (b.) 20
Each year, approximately 1 out of 500
school-aged children receive head injuries severe enough to be
hospitalized.
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2.
When a child's head receives a significant blow, the only part of the
brain that is damaged is the area directly beneath the part of the skull
that is hit.
a. true
b. false
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Answer
#2: (b.) false
While
damage does occur at the sight of impact, it is usually not the only area
of the brain that is damaged. As a result of acceleration/deceleration
forces, the brain is often bruised in several areas. Furthermore, as a
result of secondary injury effects such as swelling and bleeding, there
may be diffuse brain damage versus localized injury.
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3.
According to federal definition, the term TBI does not apply to which of
the following:
a. closed head
injuries
b. open head
injuries
c. near drowning
d. brain infections
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Answer
#3: (d.) brain infections
According to the Federal Register (Vol. 57, No. 189, p. 44802,
Tuesday, September 29, 1992), "Traumatic Brain Injury" means an
acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force,
resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychosocial
impairment, or both, that
adversely affects a child's educational performance. The term applies to
open or closed head injuries resulting in impairments in one or more
areas, such as cognition; language; memory; attention; reasoning; abstract
thinking; judgment; problem-solving; sensory, perceptual and motor
abilities; psychosocial behavior; physical functions; information
processing; and speech. The term does not apply to brain injuries that are
congenital or degenerative, or brain injuries induced by birth trauma.
Furthermore, in the Comments and Discussion section of the Federal
Register (Vol. 57, No. 189, p. 44842, Tuesday, September 29, 1992) the
definition of traumatic brain injury does include an acquired injury to
the brain caused by the external physical force of near-drowning.
Both open and closed head injuries can result in traumatic brain injury.
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4.
The major cause of severe TBI in school-aged children is:
a. sports accidents
b. motor vehicle accidents
c. falls
d. abuse
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Answer
#4: (b.) motor vehicle accidents
While all of the above account for
significant numbers of TBI in children, motor vehicle accidents are the
number one cause of severe TBI in the school-aged population. This
includes students who are operating vehicles, riding as passengers in
cars, and students who are struck by vehicles while walking or riding
bicycles.
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5.
The most common and long-lasting effect of TBI is:
a. reduced stamina
b. memory problems
c. language
problems
d. seizures
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Answer
#5: (b.) memory problems
While all of these
effects are common following a TBI, memory problems are the most common
and long-lasting effect of TBI. This especially applies to memory for
learning new information. Although memory deficits may persist, students
can be taught strategies to help them compensate for memory problems.
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6.
Early rapid recovery is a good indication that long-term recovery will
continue rapidly and be complete.
a. true
b. false
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Answer
#6: (b.) false
After a TBI,
children may show signs of rapid physical recovery. This physical recovery
should not be equated with the child's overall recovery. Despite good
physical recovery, children may have long-term cognitive and psychosocial
deficits. Furthermore, recovery should be thought of as a continuum, not
an end point.
Cognitive Sequelae of TBI
Problems Associated with:
*
Memory
*
Intellectual Functions
*
Language
*
Academic Functioning
*
Attention & Concentration
Psychosocial
Adjustments after TBI
Adjustment is Influenced by:
*
Common Personality Disturbances
* Cause
of Behavior Problems
* Pre-Injury
Personality Traits
*
Family's Ability to Cope
*
Denial of Illness
*
Affective Problems
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7.
A current IQ score is a good indication of how much a student with TBI has
recovered, and therefore, will indicate how he/she is likely to function.
a. true
b. false
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Answer
#7: (b.) false
After a TBI, an IQ
test can serve as a baseline for measuring how much the child has
regained. An IQ score does not however, indicate how the child will
function in the classroom. Despite an IQ score within the normal range, a
student's attention, concentration, and memory problems may impede new
learning in the classroom.
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8.
Children with TBI often show impairments in the area of language. While
these problems can affect any age level, which group usually shows greater
problems in this area?
a. adolescents
b. pre-adolescents
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Answer
#8: (b.) pre-adolescents
Because young
children are still in the process of developing the mechanisms of
language, they are more likely to show greater impairments in this area.
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9.
After experiencing a TBI, behavior problems may arise because the student
is unaware of, or unable to understand, his/her deficits.
a. true
b. false
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Answer
#9: (a.) true
After experiencing a
TBI, a student may not fully comprehend the resulting cognitive and
psychosocial deficits. Problems with memory, attention, and concentration,
may cause the child to become frustrated with his/her inability to
function in school, and may result in acting out behavior. Deficits in
judgment and reasoning may lead to socially inappropriate behaviors. It is
important that teachers help students recognize their deficits so that
they can learn strategies to compensate for the deficits.
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10.
When is the best time for school personnel to begin school re-entry
planning for students with TBI?
a.
as soon as they know the
student
is hospitalized.
b. as soon as they know when
the student will be
discharged.
c. after the student is
discharged from the
hospital.
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Answer
#10: (a.) as soon as they know the student is hospitalized.
After obtaining
permission from the student's parents, school personnel should contact the
hospital to begin school re-entry planning. School personnel should
observe the student in the hospital, provide hospital personnel with
pre-injury school records, provide the parents with information about
special services available within the school setting, attend the hospital
discharge meeting, and obtain copies of hospital medical records, therapy
recommendations, and psychological evaluations. An initial planning
session, where school personnel, the parents, and student (if appropriate)
meet to discuss the student's needs and develop an IEP should take place
before the student re-enters school. School personnel should also arrange
for teachers to have inservice training in the area of TBI prior to the
student's re-entry.
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11.
When a child is discharged from the hospital it means he/she is ready to
return to school.
a. true
b. false
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Answer
#11: (b.) false
A student is
discharged from the hospital when they no longer need constant medical
care. However, reduced stamina and cognitive impairments may initially
prevent the child from returning to school. Homebound instruction may be
required for a period of time following discharge, or if the child is able
to attend school, a reduced schedule is often necessary.
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12.
The most successful injury prevention strategies are programs designed to
change:
a. children
b. adolescents
c. adults
d. the environment
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Answer
#12: (d.) the environment
While injury prevention programs are needed to promote seatbelt,
car seat, and helmet usage, studies show that changing the environment to
make it safer is the most effective prevention strategy. This includes
environmental changes such as having passive restraint systems in cars,
designing safer traffic patterns, and constructing playground surfaces
with shock absorbing materials.
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